OPA656 13
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the amplifier output and the capacitive load. This does not
eliminate the pole from the loop response, but rather shifts it
and adds a zero at a higher frequency. The additional zero
acts to cancel the phase lag from the capacitive load pole,
thus increasing the phase margin and improving stability.
The Typical Characteristics show the recommended RS ver-
sus Capacitive Load and the resulting frequency response at
the load. In this case, a design target of a maximally flat
frequency response was used. Lower values of RS may be
used if some peaking can be tolerated. Also, operating at
higher gains (than the +2 used in the Typical Characteristics)
will require lower values of RS for a minimally peaked
frequency response. Parasitic capacitive loads greater than
2pF can begin to degrade the performance of the OPA656.
Long PC board traces, unmatched cables, and connections
to multiple devices can easily cause this value to be ex-
ceeded. Always consider this effect carefully, and add the
recommended series resistor as close as possible to the
OPA656 output pin (see Board Layout section).
DISTORTION PERFORMANCE
The OPA656 is capable of delivering a low distortion signal
at high frequencies over a wide range of gains. The distortion
plots in the Typical Characteristics show the typical distortion
under a wide variety of conditions.
Generally, until the fundamental signal reaches very high
frequencies or powers, the 2nd-harmonic will dominate the
distortion with negligible 3rd-harmonic component. Focusing
then on the 2nd-harmonic, increasing the load impedance
improves distortion directly. Remember that the total load
includes the feedback network—in the noninverting configura-
tion this is sum of RF + RG, while in the inverting configuration
this is just RF (see Figure 1). Increasing output voltage swing
increases harmonic distortion directly. A 6dB increase in
output swing will generally increase the 2nd-harmonic 12dB
and the 3rd-harmonic 18dB. Increasing the signal gain will also
increase the 2nd-harmonic distortion. Again a 6dB increase in
gain will increase the 2nd- and 3rd-harmonic by about 6dB
even with a constant output power and frequency. And finally,
the distortion increases as the fundamental frequency in-
creases due to the rolloff in the loop gain with frequency.
Conversely, the distortion will improve going to lower frequen-
cies down to the dominant open loop pole at approximately
100kHz. Starting from the –70dBc 2nd-harmonic for a 5MHz,
2VPP fundamental into a 200Ω load at G = +2 (from the Typical
Characteristics), the 2nd-harmonic distortion for frequencies
lower than 100kHz will be < –105dBc.
The OPA656 has an extremely low 3rd-order harmonic
distortion. This also shows up in the 2-tone 3rd-order inter-
modulation spurious (IM3) response curves. The 3rd-order
spurious levels are extremely low (< –80dBc) at low output
power levels. The output stage continues to hold them low
even as the fundamental power reaches higher levels. As the
Typical Characteristics show, the spurious intermodulation
powers do not increase as predicted by a traditional intercept
model. As the fundamental power level increases, the dy-
namic range does not decrease significantly. For 2 tones
centered at 10MHz, with 4dBm/tone into a matched 50Ω load
(that is, 1VPP for each tone at the load, which requires 4VPP
for the overall 2-tone envelope at the output pin), the Typical
Characteristics show a 78dBc difference between the test
tone and the 3rd-order intermodulation spurious levels. This
exceptional performance improves further when operating at
lower frequencies and/or higher load impedances.
DC ACCURACY AND OFFSET CONTROL
The OPA656 can provide excellent DC accuracy due to its
high open-loop gain, high common-mode rejection, high
power-supply rejection, and its trimmed input offset voltage
(and drift) along with the negligible errors introduced by the
low input bias current. For the best DC precision, a high-
grade version (OPA656UB or OPA656NB) screens the key
DC parameters to an even tighter limits. Both standard- and
high-grade versions take advantage of a new final test
technique to 100% test input offset voltage drift over tem-
perature. This discussion will use the high-grade typical and
min/max electrical characteristics for illustration; however, an
identical analysis applies to the standard-grade version.
The total output DC offset voltage in any configuration and
temperature will be the combination of a number of possible
error terms. In a JFET part like the OPA656, the input bias
current terms are typically quite low but are unmatched.
Using bias current cancellation techniques, more typical in
bipolar input amplifiers, does not improve output DC offset
errors. Errors due to the input bias current will only become
dominant at elevated temperatures. The OPA656 shows the
typical 2x increase in every 10°C common to JFET-input
stage amplifiers. Using the 5pA maximum tested value at
25°C, and a 20°C internal self heating (see thermal analysis),
the maximum input bias current at 85°C ambient will be
5pA • 2(105 – 25)/10 = 1280pA. For noninverting configurations,
this term only begins to be a significant term versus the input
offset voltage for source impedances > 750kΩ. This would
also be the feedback-resistor value for transimpedance ap-
plications (see Figure 3) where the output DC error due to
inverting input bias current is on the order of that contributed
by the input offset voltage. In general, except for these
extremely high impedance values, the output DC errors due
to the input bias current may be neglected.
After the input offset voltage itself, the most significant term
contributing to output offset voltage is the PSRR for the
negative supply. This term is modeled as an input offset
voltage shift due to changes in the negative power-supply
voltage (and similarly for the +PSRR). The high-grade test
limit for –PSRR is 62dB. This translates into 1.59mV/V input
offset voltage shift = 10(–62/20). In the worst case, a ±0.38V
(±7.6%) shift in the negative supply voltage will produce a
±0.6mV apparent input offset voltage shift. Since this is
comparable to the tested limit of ±0.6mV input offset voltage,